Exploring the less prominent relatives of Ficus benjamina L. in Indonesia A review on the botanical, ethnobotanical, and future perspectives of Ficus deltoidea Jack. and Ficus septica Burm.f.
Keywords:
Cultural, Ethnobotany, Ethnomedicine, Fig, Moraceae, Indonesia
Abstract
Ethnobotany plays a significant role in drug discovery. However, some species are often overlooked due to the lack of cultural importance. In this paper, we conducted a literature review on two lesser-known Ficus species in Indonesia, namely Ficus septica Burm.f. and Ficus deltoidea Jack. Compared to F. benjamina, these two species remain understudied. Our results showed that there are three recorded different uses of F. deltoidea and twelve of F. septica. The utilization of F. deltoidea is purely for ethnomedicine (100%), while F. septica is used for ethnomedicine (69%), culture (23%) and others (8%). The stems (50%) and the roots (50%) are the only plant parts utilized from F. deltoidea, while almost all plant parts of F. septica are utilized. Traditionally, F. deltoidea is used as an aphrodisiac, to treat internal diseases and wounds, and to increase stamina. Studies support the use of F. deltoidea as a cure for internal diseases and wounds as it has antimicrobial compounds. F. septica is traditionally used to cure boils, anthelmintic and fever for children, appendicitis, asthma, venomous snake bites, skin diseases, eye-redness, haemorrhoid, and tuberculosis. Studies support that F. septica could cure boils as its chemical compounds inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, the bacteria that cause boils. Furthermore, there are many other active compounds found in these species which are still understudied. Therefore, we conclude that F. deltoidea and F. septica have the potential to be used as modern medicine and require more in-depth research using the most advanced methods and technology.
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References
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32. Rosnah J, Khandaker MM, Boyce AN. Ficus deltoidea: Review on Background and Recent Pharmacological Potential. J Agr. 2015;14:310–318. doi: 10.3923/ja.2015.310.318
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34. Shanahan, M., So, S., Compton, S. G., & Corlett, R. Fig-eating by vertebrate frugivores: a global review. Biol Rev. 2001;76(4):529-572.
35. Silalahi M. Pemanfaatan dan bioaktivitas tabat barito (Ficus deltoidea Jack). J Ilm. Ilmu Kes: Wawas Kes. 2019;6(1):29–37.
36. Silalahi M, Nisyawati, Walujo EB, Supriatna J. Local knowledge of medicinal plants in sub-ethnic Batak Simalungun of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 2015;16(1):44–54.
37. Slamet A, Andarias SH. Studi etnobotani dan identifikasi tumbuhan berkhasiat obat Masyarakat Sub Etnis Wolio Kota Baubau Sulawesi Tenggara. In: Proc Bio Edu Con. 2018;15(1):721–732.
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44. Suryati S, Nurdin H, Dachriyanus D, Lajis MNH. Structure elucidation of antibacterial compound from Ficus deltoidea Jack leaves. Ind J Chem. 2011;11(1): 67–70.
45. Tabeo DF, Ibrahim N, Nugrahani AW. Etnobotani Suku Togian di Pulau Malenge Kecamatan Talatako, Kabupaten Tojo Una-Una, Sulawesi Tengah. Biocelebes. 2019;13(1):30–37.
46. Vital PG, Velasco Jr RN, Demigillo JM, Rivera WL. Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity and phytochemical screening of Ficus septica Burm and Sterculia foetida L. leaf extracts. J Med Pla Res. 2010;4(1):58–63.
47. Wandrag EM, Dunham AE, Duncan RP, Rogers HS. Seed dispersal increases local species richness and reduces spatial turnover of tropical tree seedlings. In: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA Vol114. (40); 10689-10694. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1709584114.
48. Wijaya IDS, Defiani MR. Diversity and distribution of figs (Ficus: Moraceae) in Gianyar District, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 2021;22:233–246.
49. Wilson D, Wilson A. Figs as a global spiritual and material resource for humans. Hum Ecol. 2013; 41: 459-464. 10.1007/s10745-013-9582-z.
50. Woodruff GC, Phillips PC. Field studies reveal a close relative of C. elegans thrives in the fresh figs of Ficus septica and disperses on its Ceratosolen pollinating wasps. BMC Ecol. 2018;18(1):1–16.
51. Xu ZF, Liu HM, Chen GQ, Cui JY: Ethnobotanical culture of fig trees in Xishuangbanna. J Plant Resour Eviron. 1996; 5: 48-52.
52. Zaman MQ. Etnobotani tumbuhan obat di Kabupaten Pamekasan-Madura, Provinsi Jawa Timur. Malang: Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim; 2009. [undergraduate thesis].
53. Zubair, Suleman SM, Ramadhanil. Studi Etnobotani Tumbuhan Obat Pada Masyarakat Kaili Rai di Desa Wombo Kecamatan Tanantovea Kabupaten Donggala Sulawesi Tengah. Biocelebes. 2019;13(2):182–194.
2. Arayne, M. S., Sultana, N., et al. (2007). Pak. J. pharm. Sci, 20(4), 261-268.
3. Artha YG, Saptasari M, Mahanal S. Studi etnobotani masyarakat lokal Desa Trunyan Provinsi Bali untuk matakuliah etnobotani di perguruan tinggi. In: Pros Sem Nas Vol II 2016 Kerjasama Prodi Pendidikan Biologi FKIP dengan Pusat Studi Lingkungan dan Kependudukan (PSLK) Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
4. Azizan N, Said, SM, Abidin ZZ, Jantan I. Composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth and Ficus deltoidea Jack against pathogenic oral bacteria. Molecules. 2017;22(2135):1–18.
5. Badan Pusat Statistik. Kewarganegaraan, suku bangsa, agama, dan bahasa sehari-hari penduduk Indonesia hasil sensus penduduk 2010. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik;2012.
6. Berg CC, Corner EJH, & Nooteboom, HP. Flora Malesiana. Series I, Seed plants. Volume 17, Part 2: Moraceae (Ficus). National Herbarium Nederland; 2005.
7. Cottee-Jones HEW, Bajpai O, Chaudhary LB, Whittaker RJ. The importance of Ficus (Moraceae) trees for tropical forest restoration. Biotropica. 2016;48(3): 413–419. doi: 10.1111/btp.12304.
8. Cox, A. P., & Balick, J. M. (1996). Ethnobotanical research and traditional health care in developing countries, plants, people and culture: W.H. Freeman.
9. Darlian L, Damhuri, Hasni WO. Kajian etnobotani tumbuhan dalam upacara kehamilan (posipo) Hingga masa anak-anak (dole-dole) pada Masyarakat Wolio Kota Bau-Bau. J Sainsmat. 2019;8(1):95–103.
10. De Bruyn, Mark, Björn Stelbrink, Robert J. Morley, Robert Hall, Gary R. Carvalho, Charles H. Cannon, Gerrit van den Bergh et al. "Borneo and Indochina are major evolutionary hotspots for Southeast Asian biodiversity." Systematic Biology 63, no. 6 (2014): 879-901.
11. De Padua LS, Bunyapraphatsara N., Lemmens RHMJ. In: Plant resources of South-East Asia. Vol. 12 (1). Leiden: Backhuys Publ; 1999
12. Flaster, T. (1996). In Proceedings of Third national symposium.
13. Giannini NP, Kalko EKV. Trophic structure in a large assemblage of phyllostomid bats in Panama. Oikos. 2004;105:209–220.
14. Hall R. 2009. Southeast Asia’s changing palaeogeography. Blumea 54:148–161.
15. Harrison RD, Rasplus JY. Dispersal of fig pollinators in Asian tropical rain forests. J Trop Ecol. 2006;22(6):631–639. doi: 10.1017/S0266467406003488.
16. Hidayat S. Keberadaan dan pemanfaatan tumbuhan obat langka di wilayah Bogor dan sekitarnya. Med Kon. 2011;17(1):33–38.
17. Jumiarni WO, Komalasari O. Eksplorasi jenis dan pemanfaatan tumbuhan obat pada Masyarakat Suku Muna di Permukiman Kota Wuna. Trad Med J. 2017;22:45–56.
18. Kalko EKV, Herre EA, Handley CO. Relation of fig fruit characteristics to fruit-eating bats in the New and Old World tropics. J Biogeo. 1996;23:565–576.
19. Lin RC, Yeung CKL, Fong JJ, Tzeng HY, Li SH. The lack of pollinator specificity in a dioecious fig tree: sympatric fig‐pollinating wasps of Ficus septica in southern Taiwan. Biotropica. 2011;43(2):200–207.
20. Lohman DJ, de Bruyn M, Page T, von Rintelen K, Hall R, Ng PK, ... & Von Rintelen T. Biogeography of the Indo-Australian archipelago. Ann Rev Eco, Evo, Sys. 2011;42: 205-226.
21. Manurung H, Kustiawan W, Kusuma IW, Marjenah M. Total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of tabat Barito (Ficus deltoidea Jack) on different plant organs and ages. J Med Pla. 2017;5(6):120–125.
22. Morley R.J. 2012. A review of the Cenozoic palaeoclimate history of Southeast Asia. In: Gower D., Johnson K.G., Rosen B.R., Richardson J., Rüber L., Williams S.T., editors. Biotic evolution and environmental change in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 79–114.
23. Mulyanah W. Etnobotani tumbuhan yang dimanfaatkan sebagai obat penyakit pada anak-anak Di Desa Colo Kecamatan Dawe Kabupaten Kudus Jawa Tengah. Semarang: Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo; 2019 [undergraduate thesis].
24. Mu’nisa A, Muflihunna A. Bioactive compound and antioxidant activity analysis of some medicinal plants of Province of Western Sulawesi. J Phy: Con Ser. 2018;1028(1):012023.
25. NSW Health. Boils and skin infections. https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Factsheets/boils-skin-infections.pdf. 2017. Accessed: 12 December 2021
26. Pitopang R, Ariyanto N, Yuniati E. Kajian Etnobotani Pada Masyarakat “Laudje” Di Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia. In: Prosiding Seminar Biologi; 2012
27. Purnomo.Tanaman Kultural Dalam Perspektif Adat Jawa. Malang: UB press; 2013.
28. Putri EK, Bashri A. Ethnobotanical study if plant in historical-religious tourism area and the sacred place at Sumenep, Madura. Biotropika J Trop Bio. 2019;7(3):102–111
29. Rahmiyani I, Mulyono MS, Mardiana R. Inventarisasi dan skrining fitokimia tumbuhan obat berkhasiat antiinflamasi yang digunakan oleh masyarakat Kampung Naga. J Kes Bak Tun Hus. 2015;13(1):54–62.
30. Rintelen V, Kristina, Arida E, Häuser C. A review of biodiversity-related issues and challenges in megadiverse Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries. Res Idea Outc. 2017;3:e20860.
31. Rojo JP, Pitargue FC, Sosef MSM. Ficus, in: Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 12(1) Medicinal and Poisonous Plant 1. De Padua, L.S., Bunyapraphatsara, N. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Editor). Leiden:Backhyus Publisher: 277-289; 1999.
32. Rosnah J, Khandaker MM, Boyce AN. Ficus deltoidea: Review on Background and Recent Pharmacological Potential. J Agr. 2015;14:310–318. doi: 10.3923/ja.2015.310.318
33. Runtunuwu A. Studi Etnoekologi Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan Obat oleh Masyarakat Suku Dayak Tunjung Linggang di Kabupaten Kutai Barat Provinsi Kalimantan Timur. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma; 2013. [undergraduate thesis].
34. Shanahan, M., So, S., Compton, S. G., & Corlett, R. Fig-eating by vertebrate frugivores: a global review. Biol Rev. 2001;76(4):529-572.
35. Silalahi M. Pemanfaatan dan bioaktivitas tabat barito (Ficus deltoidea Jack). J Ilm. Ilmu Kes: Wawas Kes. 2019;6(1):29–37.
36. Silalahi M, Nisyawati, Walujo EB, Supriatna J. Local knowledge of medicinal plants in sub-ethnic Batak Simalungun of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 2015;16(1):44–54.
37. Slamet A, Andarias SH. Studi etnobotani dan identifikasi tumbuhan berkhasiat obat Masyarakat Sub Etnis Wolio Kota Baubau Sulawesi Tenggara. In: Proc Bio Edu Con. 2018;15(1):721–732.
38. Slamet A, Andarias SH, Ardyati DPI, Yenni B, Inang WDF. Potensi Tumbuhan Lokal di Pulau Buton Sebagai Sumber Belajar Biologi. Bioedusiana. 2020;5(1):33–40
39. Sreekar R, Le NTP, Harrison RD. Vertebrate assemblage at a fruiting fig (Ficus caulocarpa) in Maliau Basin, Malaysia. Trop Conserv Sci. 2010;3(2):218–227. doi: 10.1177/194008291000300208.
40. Sudirga SK, Suprapta DN, Sudana IM, Wirya IGNAS. Antifungal activity of leaf extract of Ficus septica against Colletotrichum acutatum the cause of anthracnose disease on chili pepper. J Bio Agr Healthc. 2014;4(28):47–52.
41. Sujarwo W, Caneva G, Zuccarello V. Patterns of plant use in religious offerings in Bali (Indonesia). Acta Bot Bras. 2020;34(1):40–53. doi: 10.1590/0102-33062019abb0110.
42. Surata IK, Gata IW, Sudiana, IM. Studi etnobotanik tanaman upacara Hindu Bali sebagai upaya pelestarian kearifan lokal. J Kaj Bal. 2015;5(2):265–284.
43. Suryadarma. Etnobotani. Yogyakarta: Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, 2008.
44. Suryati S, Nurdin H, Dachriyanus D, Lajis MNH. Structure elucidation of antibacterial compound from Ficus deltoidea Jack leaves. Ind J Chem. 2011;11(1): 67–70.
45. Tabeo DF, Ibrahim N, Nugrahani AW. Etnobotani Suku Togian di Pulau Malenge Kecamatan Talatako, Kabupaten Tojo Una-Una, Sulawesi Tengah. Biocelebes. 2019;13(1):30–37.
46. Vital PG, Velasco Jr RN, Demigillo JM, Rivera WL. Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity and phytochemical screening of Ficus septica Burm and Sterculia foetida L. leaf extracts. J Med Pla Res. 2010;4(1):58–63.
47. Wandrag EM, Dunham AE, Duncan RP, Rogers HS. Seed dispersal increases local species richness and reduces spatial turnover of tropical tree seedlings. In: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA Vol114. (40); 10689-10694. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1709584114.
48. Wijaya IDS, Defiani MR. Diversity and distribution of figs (Ficus: Moraceae) in Gianyar District, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 2021;22:233–246.
49. Wilson D, Wilson A. Figs as a global spiritual and material resource for humans. Hum Ecol. 2013; 41: 459-464. 10.1007/s10745-013-9582-z.
50. Woodruff GC, Phillips PC. Field studies reveal a close relative of C. elegans thrives in the fresh figs of Ficus septica and disperses on its Ceratosolen pollinating wasps. BMC Ecol. 2018;18(1):1–16.
51. Xu ZF, Liu HM, Chen GQ, Cui JY: Ethnobotanical culture of fig trees in Xishuangbanna. J Plant Resour Eviron. 1996; 5: 48-52.
52. Zaman MQ. Etnobotani tumbuhan obat di Kabupaten Pamekasan-Madura, Provinsi Jawa Timur. Malang: Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim; 2009. [undergraduate thesis].
53. Zubair, Suleman SM, Ramadhanil. Studi Etnobotani Tumbuhan Obat Pada Masyarakat Kaili Rai di Desa Wombo Kecamatan Tanantovea Kabupaten Donggala Sulawesi Tengah. Biocelebes. 2019;13(2):182–194.
Published
2022-03-25
How to Cite
Raihandhany, R., & Zen, T. V. (2022). Exploring the less prominent relatives of Ficus benjamina L. in Indonesia A review on the botanical, ethnobotanical, and future perspectives of Ficus deltoidea Jack. and Ficus septica Burm.f. Genbinesia Journal of Biology, 1(2), 76-89. https://doi.org/10.55655/genbinesia.v1i2.9
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Articles
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